9. Year 2013-2019 (2021 upgrade) Thesis Evaluation

DYNAMIC RESPONSE AND DESIGN OF SUPPORT ELEMENTS IN ROCKBURST CONDITIONS

Republication of the third edition in computer file of the doctoral degree thesis of title "DYNAMIC RESPONSE AND DESIGN OF SUPPORT ELEMENTS IN ROCKBURST CONDITIONS". First publication in 1993 at the Mining Engineering System Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Queen's University, Kingston city, Ontario Province, Canada, in cooperation with the Geomechanics Research Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury city, Ontario Province, and the Division of Rock Mechanics, Mining Specialty, Mine System Department, Zhong Nan Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Changsha City, Hunan Province, China People Republic.

The original conclusion of the thesis is subject to omission here. The author would like to present the following highlight of development on the basis of the original conclusion and content of the original thesis.

9.1 Science Technique Technology Highlight

Table of Content:

9.1.1 Wave propagation and transmission laws and contact questions

9.1.2 Dual frequency waves from the bamboo flute to the river

9.1.3 The elastic wave looping and color of light as a system property

9.1.4 The literature research and discovery of rock dynamic response and support system design methods

9.1.5 The discovery of the XYZT unified law and theory of stress wave and system vibration

9.1.6 Pseudo-eternal clock and everlasting eternal ecosystems

9.1.7 The external energy and the earth crust response

9.1.8 The health of the surname man and the earth

9.1.9 Change and accumulation with time as the fundamental mechanism of things

9.1.10 Assurance of elasticity and prevention of yielding failure

9.1.11 Axial stress with bending stress and post-peak torsion

9.1.12 Fundamental laws and theories to respect and cultivate the earth

9.1.13 Simplest two parts contact problem

9.1.14 Mining method design

9.1.15 Measurement

9.1.16 Simple vibration model solution versus complete wave solution (2019-08-19)

9.1.1 Wave propagation and transmission laws and contact questions

Between years 1989 and 1993, the "YXZT frequency effects theory" for the interaction between waves and underground openings or matters were researched and derived. The laboratory testing verified the classic energy balance, stress wave and vibration theories that were derived from the Isaac Newton four laws. For example, the kinetic or dynamic energy of falling matters, such as ice rain, rain, snow and wind, are really significant to move the earth or contribute to the matters on the earth surface. On the other hand, a back yard field test was done in the beginning of 2009 to shovel snow and throw it on to the snow covered grass lawn at a height of 1.8 m. The dynamic energy severely damaged the grass and soil of a small area (where the grass did not grow and ants showed up).

It proved the effective and non-destructive strain wave testing method with strain gauges and computer data logging to determine the elastic Young's modulus for the steel rods. It also proved the method to indirectly determine the impact speed of falling objects. The wave propagation speed in a bar is calculated as:
c = (E_d/r)^0.5      (1)
where E_d is dynamic Young's modulus and r the density of the material. Obviously, the wave speed represents the transmission capability.

In the thesis, the steel bar density is 7750 kg/m³, its wave speed is c = 5110 m/s, from the above formula, this author did calculate the Young's modulus to be 202 GPa. With reference to the book by Gere and Tomoshenko 1990, this result is accurate. From the thesis, the conveyor belt rubber material has an elastic modulus of about 35MPa (at 4 to 20 MPa stress level, without yield point) and a density of 1044 kg/m³, from the above formula, its bar wave speed is, c = 183.10 m/s; the soft wood block has a Young's modulus of 200 MPa (below the yield stress of 7 MPa) and a density of 585.6 kg/m³, from the above formula, its bar wave speed is, c = 584.41 m/s. With bar wave speed comparison, the conveyor belt rubber and the wood block were good cushion for the steel (with about an order of magnitude difference in wave speed); and the rubber can be a cushion for the soft wood (ref. table tennis racket). Note that in some situation, the elastic stiffness of a material body and the wave length are of concern, not just the elastic modulus of the material.

The acoustic wave impedance formula was previously:
rc = ( E_d r)^0.5
where c the wave speed, E_d the dynamic Young's modulus, and r the density of the material. This impedance parameter is an erroneous parameter to measure the transmission or refraction efficiency across the boundary of two material. The wave speed should be the parameter to determine the wave propagation across the boundary or the acoustic match of two material. The wave speed in a continuous body does increase with the elastic modulus but decrease with density and discontinuity.

This author did ultrsonic wave test of a few rock core specimen at Laurentian University n Sudbury (Yi and Kaiser 1991). The rhyolite specimen has the most low wave speed (5 core data, 4.0 + 0.2 km/s), the massive sulfide ore also has the most low wave speed (1 block, 4.0 km/s), the diabase specimen has the most high wave speed (5 core data, 6.4 + 0.1 km/s). The data table for specimen bar wave speed (km/s) is as follows:

rhyolite	(5 data, 4.0 + 0.2)
sulfide ore	(1 block, 4.0)
Argillite	(5 data, 4.9 + 0.3);
Rhyolitic tuff	(5 data, 5.2 + 0.2);
Metasediment	(5 data, 5.2 + 0.2);
Norite	(1 data, 5.2);
Quartzfeldspar	(5 data, 5.4 + 0.2);
Greenstone	(1 data, 5.5);
Gabbro	(5 data, 5.7 + 0.1);
Diorite	(5 data, 5.9 + 0.0);
Basalt	(5 data, 5.9 + 0.1);
Basalt2	(5 data, 6.1 + 0.1);
Diabase	(5 data, 6.4 + 0.1);

With reference to light wave or sound wave reflection and refraction, the ratio of wave speed in the two continuum in contact, that is, b = c₂ / c₁, is the parameter to determine the general amount of wave reflection and refraction. If the ratio, b = 1, then all the wave does pass through from the first continuum into the second continuum; and if this ratio, b, is less or more than 1, then a part of the wave does refract through the boundary into the second continuum, and the rest does reflect back into the first continuum.

According to the "Xin1 Guang1 XYZT matter energy nearly elastic system vibration and wave propagation unity as well as revolution (including straight line or curve path) theorem", the wave propagation (transmission), refraction, and reflection in a system is complex. A qualitative understanding is more important than an accurate quantitative computation (ref. the natural rainbow in the sky, the different color of sunshine on a soup water bubble or a spay of automatic water faucet, the light spectrum in a crystal prism).

In school physics, the energy conservation law and the momentum conservation rule can be used together to solve the stiff elastic object collision question for two balls of the same material, that is, the outcome of the collision depends on the mass ratio of the two objects and the angle of impact. For example, if object, M, does move at velocity "v" to hit the still object, m, on a straight line, the velocities of, M, and, m, after the collision are:
v1 = v[r-1/(r+1)]      (2a)
and
v2 = v[2r/(r+1)]      (2b)
where the ratio r = M / m. One should mention that due to the difficulty in speed measurement, both the energy conservation law and the momentum conservation law did lack easy experimental verification till this thesis, where the author did calculate the velocity etc. parameter from elastic strain or stress wave.

The simple derivation of the kinetic energy formula is as follows: According to Newton law of motion, the force, F = m a, where, m, is mass, and, a, is its acceleration. According to mathematics calculus method, a = dv / dt, where, v, is speed, and, dt, is an infinitesimal time period. Now, we have: F = m a = m (dv / dt), which is:
F dt = m dv      (3a)
For two object of mass, m₁ and m₂, and speed, v₁ and v₂, in an instantaneous collision, we have:
F dt = m₁ dv₁ = - m₂ dv₂      (3b)
Where the negative sign is important. According to calculus, we have from the above equation:
m₁ (v₁₂ - v₁₁) = - m₂ (v₂₂ - v₂₁)      (3c)
where v₁₁ and v₁₂ are the speed of mass m₁ immediately before and after the collision, v₂₁ and v₂₂ are the speed of mass m₂ immediately before and after the collision. Simply rearrange the four term of the equation as follows:
m₁ v₁₂ - m₁ v₁₁ = - m₂ v₂₂ + m₂ v₂₁,
that is:
m₁ v₁₁ + m₂ v₂₁ = m₁ v₁₂ + m₂ v₂₂      (3d)
This is the momentum conservation law for an collision. Unlike force work, it does not involve the distance of movement. Equation (3d) is applicable to instantaneous collision. In theory, the positive or negative sign of speed is important to obtain the correct result. In practice, equation (3d) does seem to be valid for absolute value of speed regardless of speed direction (ref. ?).

For the convenience of calculation, the momentum has been taken as a vector. For example, if two equal objects move towards each other at equal velocity for a collision, the vector equation for the momentum conservation would give the zero sum of momentum after the collision, because the two object would move away from each other. The kinetic energy is always positive regardless the positive or negative sign of velocity. This is due to the wrong mathematics formula that two negative number multiplication or division is equal to a positive number. The momentum parameter is more convenient due to the fact that (1) its sign would change with the sign of velocity, and (2) the result of calculation would agree with a simple experiment when the energy loss in a collision or due to friction is minimum. One can derive the kinetic energy formula from the equations: kinetic energy change = work, and, distance = speed integration with time (see the following paragraph). With the law of energy conservation, one may calculate the non-elastic energy dissipation during a process from the difference in speed and mass between the beginning and end.

The simple derivation of the kinetic energy formula is as follows: let, F, be the action force, on a plane, an object of mass, m, does move forward with an acceleration, a, for an infinitesimal distance, dx, so as to make its velocity to increase from zero to, v; then the object kinetic energy increase is equal to the work, that is:
dE = F dx = m a dx = m (dv / dt) (v dt) = m v dv      (4a)
after integration on both side of this differential equation, the result is:
E = 0.5mv²      (4b)
where the derivation process does use the energy conservation and transformation law, which does involve the distance of movement in equation (4a), but the formula in (4b) does not include the distance of movement.

The above derivation does indicate that one should know calculus in order to understand the above momentum conservation law and kinetic energy formula. It is necessary for the 9 year rights duty teaching [education] to teach mathematics calculus method in order to understand gradual infinitesimal change. From the philosophy and reality point of view, the energy and momentum are two different formulae to represent the mass and velocity of an object. The energy has a lower value than the momentum if the velocity is less than 2 m/s (7200 m/hour, 7.2 km/hour, 4.5 miles/hour, 100m/50s), i.e., steady walking or bicycling speed. Otherwise, the former is equal to or more high than the latter. The suggestion is that the nearly elastic energy conservation is true when the velocity is less than 2 m/s, such that the non-elastic (friction and collision) energy loss is minimum. For example, people can walk steadily over much more long distance than run. When the velocity is more than 2 m/s, the momentum conservation formula would seem to give a more accurate estimate of the velocity after a collision. This simple physics case does indicate the science and nature conservation advantage for the manual and mental static or low speed activity and work. For example, when a stream or river water speed is less than 2 m/s, the water will easily evaporate into fog, cloud, rain, or snow under the sunshine, dust in water can turn into sedimentation, and the water and sedimentation will cultivate water plant and animal (ref. Chinese idiom "Luo4 Hua1 You3 Yi4, Liu2 Shui3 Wu2 Qing2 --- The flower fall has intention, the flow water has no sentiment", English word "river" is a little like "reverse", but word "dam" is a little like "damping"). The moist calm wind or breeze will be good for people, dwelling, crop and tree. Light rain and light wind will ensure food plant harvest. But, in order to prevent damage and destruction of tornado and earthquake, the cost of dwelling will increase by a few order of magnitude. The cost of motor vehicle road or railway will increase by a few order of magnitude over walk path or horse carriage road, and the motor vehicle cost as well as the accident loss will also increase by a few order of magnitude over horse cart. For a man of 60 km mass to walk at 2 m/s, with 1 cycle of 2 step per second, the manual kinetic energy is: 0.5 * 60 * (2*2) = 120 Joule, which is due to the foot work, and the walk power is approximately 120 Watt. This does fit, or is in the same order of magnitude of, the sunlight or moonlight power, or the light rain power, per square meter, which all thing does depend on for life and growth (ref. this author and the www.wikipedia.org website did give the estimation that the maximum sunlight power with heat on earth per square meter is about 681 watt, and this author did estimate that the full moonlight power with heat is about 1/12 of it, i.e., 56.75 watt per square meter; suppose a rain amount is 1/30 m, then the rain potential or kinetic energy on a square meter ground is, mgh = [1/30 m] x [1000 kg/mmm] x [9.81 m/ss] x 2000m = 654000 Joule, let the rain time be 12 to 1 hour, then rain power is 15.14 watt to 181.68 watt; notice, English word "watt" does sound like the Chinese character word "Wa3 Te4 [roof tile, water buffalo]"). Walk is not only good for physical health but also good for mind, ideology, thinking or spirit, as well as literacy recital, singing and talk etc.. it is worth while to mention here that the artificial high speed, frequency and/or pressure energy is very expensive and dangerous.

The above wave speed match of materials is relevant to the contact process during the collision (ref. Chinese words " alt 1 concord, alt 2 harmony"). If the elastic and density properties of two balls are very different such as wood and steel, the amount of energy transformation from kinetic to stress wave energy and then from stress wave back to kinetic energy would be different. The impact testing with rubber and wood cushions and the sliding clamp enlighten such questions. Here are the two relevant Chinese proverbs: "one palm does not make a sound" ( alt 3 ) and "use the soft to overcome the rigid" ( alt 4 ). By checking the test data in the thesis, it was found on September 22, 2010 (the full moon Mid Autumn Festival) that the thesis helps overcome the difficult impasse of science to solve the object contact and collision questions (more explanation later). At the moment of an impact, the kinetic energy is transformed into the stress wave (which has been described by the contact force "F" times the contact time "t"), the wave particle velocity will depend on the relative inertia of the two objects (compare the boucing of a Ping Pong ball on a table and the collision of equal pool balls).

The tests in the doctoral research may be considered as mostly elastic contact cases, but the impact energy got lost in the connection joints or leaked outside the system as elastic waves with time. If the contact process were fully elastic, the drop weight would have jumped back up to the drop height like a Ping Pong ball. The tests recorded only the stretching of the steel rod because the drop weight jumped, or lost contact with the bottom plate briefly. Generally speaking, the energy conservation law is universal but with unknown energy dissipation. The momentum conservation rule could be used to estimate separation speed after the collision. Simple home test with a golf size elastic resin ball and two golf balls of the same weight shows that although the resin ball is equally efficient to transmit the stress wave within the material, it is less efficient to transfer from its kinetic movement to stress wave during the impact.

The above paragraph clearly shows that kinetic or dynamic interactions are infinitely diversified and complex as compared to static interactions. Static energy is the stored, accumulated and locked energy that does not change with time or changes slowly, it lends to stability. The stability and growth of the earth crust needs static or quasi-static energy, but the movement of the earth needs natural kinetic or dynamic energy. Artificial dynamic energy forms cause collisions between themselves and with natural energy forms to harm the earth and people. Rain, cloud, wind, water, sunshine, moon light, man power and animal power are the best examples of kinetic or dynamic energy. The solid rocky crust, the water rice paddies, the soil vegetable land, the trees, the house, the manual working tools, the roads for walking, the river water bed and banks are the best examples of static energy. The ripple water lakes, ponds and ditches and the walk - rest steps are quasi-static energy. The dynamic and kinetic contact questions help us appreciate the restless natural works of the climate matters, birds, fishes, as well as the difficulty and dangers of the going out of home and abroad people.

9.1.2 Dual frequency waves from the bamboo flute to the river

Siginificant discoveries were made on dynamic mechanisms of elastic steel system with cushion, yielding wood and frictional sliding clamp elements. The highest or fundamental frequency of the tested system is determined by the length of the steel rod and its strain wave propagation speed. The fundamental frequency wave is called the "rider wave". This rider wave was the repetition of the initial impact stress wave up and down the steel rod. But, when the imperfect elastic rubber cushion was used to accept the impact, the rider wave became hidden in the carrier wave because the stress wave rise slope at the impact was minimized and blended into the carrier wave. Nevertheless, the rider wave contributes to the carrier wave annonymously. The decreasing amplitude with time was successfully modeled as partial stress wave reflections at the top and bottom ends, due to cumulative energy loss at the system boundaries. The cumulative gain or loss of a cyclic system is easier to determine and correct than an ever changing system.

With the theory in mind, it was realized in year 2005 in California that when a small reed pipe musical instrument ( alt 5 sheng) was blewn with the mouth, the sound wave length is proportional to the length of each ~ reed pipe. It was realized in March of year 2010 in Ohio state with a Chinese bamboo flute that the sound wave length is proportional to the distance from the mouth hole to the finger holes and the wind speed, and some sound is a combination of two wave lengths. It is interesting to find that the mouth wind enters at an angle to the flute to create a swirling flow that goes out of the hole to make a sound (note: I learned to play the bamboo flute in the small village elementary school without knowing why it made music). If the flute is considered as an air vibration system, then the quasi-constant mouth input provides the continuous flow energy to the system that transforms it into audible sound, but, it does not store energy except for the moisture in the air that keeps it intact. This is an example of energy transformation from quasi-static to audible frequency vibration (ref. the difference between exhailing with and without a sound indicates energy transformation, such as in snoring as a sign of life). This explains the pitches of the voice or of the wind in the valleys and rivers of the earth for her/his propulsion by wind, precipitation and tidal wave (ref. water mill, water power station) . In a continuous river, there exist multiple waves from the water pressure wave, water flow, rock wave due to water impact on the banks to air wave. The bamboo flute was cracked in Los Angeles due to the dry and hot weather outdoors and indoors, it continued to crack in Ohio state even in the cool basement. The crack would open further unless immersed in water. In the cracked state, the mouth wind is lost into the crack such that the flute does not make a sound for the holes further down the tube. This reminds the human kind to respect, protect and cultivate the earth's crust to keep it air tight.

The mystery of bowel gas was fully revealed in April of 2010. Light gas of carbon hydrogen can leak through tiny long pathways at high speed to make high frequency sound, but, relatively heavy gas of ammonia with larger molecules can only come out from the front end at low speed in quasi static movement and silence, but with ammonia smell (ref. Chinese idiom " alt 6 - the sound fart is not smelly but the smelly fart does not sound"). The energy contribution of people and animal movement, sound and evaporation dynamics to the atmosphere to increase air and induce precipitaion has been recognized in the past. The author's past research has clearly indicated that wood, mud, clay tile etc. are by far the best performance and least cost construction and tools materials that can be recycled in more than a hundred years.

9.1.3 The elastic wave looping and color of light as a system property

It was realized in 2009, that the coil spring design uses too much metal to achieve a lower stiffness due to complex stresses in the coil material to minimize the spring height. For the doctoral tests, the stress wave inside the drop weight is opposite to that in the steel rod. The weight bounced up due to tensile stress wave on the contact face between the drop weight and the bottom plate, which occurred when the tensile stress in the steel rod turned into compressive stress. This is similar to but different from the wave reflection phenomenon at an object surface. Furthermore, it was realized recently that the conventional wisdom "that a compressive wave is reflected as a tensile wave at a surface" is true only at the free end, not a fixed or constrained end. The experimental vibrational system is fixed at the top end, the bottom plate was constrained by the thread on the steel rod, and the stress wave is reflected at both ends without reversing the sign. Nevertheless, the theoretical modelling showed that if the weight did not jump up but got stuck on the bottom plate, the stress wave would change to the negative as a result of the formulas derived from Newton mechanics and wave looping, that is, the full cycle of elastic vibration would result. Therefore, a stable elastic system is a vibrational system, but internal separation would disrupt the system vibration.

one application of the above theory is in the blasting of a mineral ore stope with considerable support on the free surface. The supported free surface is a constrained surface that does not act as a free surface to reflect an incoming compressive wave into a tensile wave, instead, the compressive wave remains compressive after the reflection and propagates backwards. This can be proven with the elastic collision test with three eggs, Ping Pong balls or pool balls.

Outdoor observations of sound, wind and light waves verified the frequency effects. The thesis has established that energy balance and distribution in various forms are the universal basis of comprehensive science, philosophy, knowledge and technology. Besides natural sciences such as continental geomechanics and space dynamics, the research results have broad applications in engineering and sociology such as the economic foundation and the upper structure, the cities and transportation lines, personal health and musical instrument. Elastic (talkative, trust worthy, reversible or cyclic, peaceful) progress will ensure the everlasting earth and the personal happiness.

It should be mentioned that the snow white light as shown in the color of snow, lime, rice, popcorn has not been well explained in the spectrum of sun light. Despite scientific explanations, it is believed that all matters on the earth surface are related to each other and may change with temperature and humidity. For example, climate deterioration may cause the deterioration of the landscape and the general hardship for all. Like the sunshine, the snow white color is still a mixture of the seven colors "red, orange, yellow, blue, cyan, blue, purple" except that the amplitude of the light is reduced by the cold cushion matter and the splitting of frequencies due to reflections inside the asperities of snow (ref. white cloud under the airplane during a sunny day, on the the evening of the full lunar eclipse of December 21, 2010 in Ohio state with white snow cover on the ground and a thin layer of cloud in the air, the moon looked small due to light absorption by the cold cloud). Generally speaking, the color of light as sensed by a certain organ depends on its amplitude, frequency and propagation speed, and some of the three parameters are altered upon the impact, reflection or transmission on a matter that has certain characteristic surface and deformation properties. For example, a green light would look different on a green lawn and a blue tree, or on a polished or a rough surface. It should be pointed out that the color spectrum has been observed on the earth, such as the soap bubble, rainbow and the crystal prism. The colors reflect partly the color of the earth and partly of the sun. The heat of light as sensed by a certain material depends on its amplitude, frequency and propagation speed. Based on the unified wave and vibration theory, the color spectrum may not be the natural spectrum of the light but the spectrum of the specific light - matter system (ref. Chinese idiom "one palm does no make a sound"). For example, the traditional burning of wood for household cooking provided the dark carbon color of the spectrum. The snow color is probably related to the widespread use of white substances such as chlorine water, de-icing salt, white paper and stool tissues, white fertilizer and pesticide. Water pollution reduces water evaloration and endangers the continents in dual effects, heavier tidal force on shores and less wind force on land. One could observe that the moon and the sun likely have low frequency electromagnetic body forces to pull moisture from the ground, while air and gas in the sky are pushed by the light surface force to the ground. Such opposite movement would cause friction, compression or tension of the atmosphere and the ground to make weather phenomenon such as precipitation.

9.1.4 The literature research and discovery of rock dynamic response and support system design methods

Support design based on the load, deformation and energy capacities of elements and systems were devoloped. It was a substantial advance from the traditional strength based design. The generous deformation accomodation of support is like allowing the time of response in analogy to the "space - time" concept. To break rocks to extract metals or to work soft materials into hard strong brittle materials is a waste of precious energy and the earth (ref. the modern industrial obsession with small space and small hard metal devices). After reviewing the postdoctoral works from 1993 to 2009 and the licentiate and doctoral degree theses, it was realized in year 2009 that an existing mine is a combination of continuum, structure and vibration system. The mine design and education works are the most challenging engineering discipline in the whole world.

9.1.5 The discovery of the XYZT unity law and theory of stress wave and system vibration

During 1989-1993, "XYZT two - part unified law" of "dynamic stress wave go - return and system vibration with resonance or decay" was discovered. During 1989-1993-2009, the "XYZT three part unified law" of "dynamic stress wave go - return interactive superposition, system vibration with resonance or decay, and energy conservation and change with matter growth or damage accumulation in the process of energy transmission with changing magnitude and frequency, cushion effects, energy dissipation in non-elastic damping or yielding deformation, bouncing force cancellation, friction and external work, sound effect, heat effect, electromagnetic energy effect etc. was discovered (ref. Yi - Kolsky - Taylor - Hopkinson - Newton - Xing Guang 1279AD - 2852BC). The law and theory have unified the comprehensive agriculture, science, technology, philosophy and religion (ref. the Chinese Buddhism principle "Lun Hui - go to work and return", the English word "go, good", Chinese character "OD - hui return" and English phrase "Garden Of eDen" from the word of "GOD" that originally means "high sun, middle moon, low earth"; the similarities between the frictional slip and the light force on the cloud or plant leaves, lightning and rain, the light bulb, the river impact on the winding banks and entrance to the sea, the river impact on dams, etc.).

A dynamic stress wave at a place is a part of the vibration or resonance of the containing system, and a non-elastic change, such as a slip or plastic deformation, of the place affects the current and future states of the entire system. In terms of science philosophy of change, fully elastic systems at low load levels are absolute, predictable and cyclic. But, if frictional slip and non-elastic yielding occurs in any part of the system, the system behavior would be relative and unpredictable in time. Therefore, the knowledge for life is simple and stable in an elastic world but complex,changing and limitless in a non- elastic world.

The use of sunshine and moon light within the limits of elasticity and elastic growth would be an everlasting process, but the yield failure would lead to fracturing and collapse. This provides proof for the structural meaning of the Chinese character "Yi" that consists of the upper "sun or moon" and lower symbol for "earth" or "not".

A system has one or more natural frequencies as a function of its container and component systems. The discovery validated the Newton's four laws of "inertia, action and reaction forces, acceleration and energy conservation", that is,
(A) an object or system will maintain its current inertia, that is, the existing state of rest or constant speed movement, unless it is acted on by external forces (note that this is mainly due to the energy conservation law);
(B) for each action force there is a reaction force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction (note that the action and reaction forces are somewhat different in dynamics);
(C) force - mass - acceleration equation F = ma;
(D) the transformation of potential and kinetic enery mgh = (1/2) mv^2, and that energy does not disappear but transform into a different form, energy has the dual properties of scalar and vector to explain the inertia. It has been taken as a scalar in error;

The discovery further proved and proposed that:
(E) the inertia of an object or system reflects the scalar and vector properties of energy, like the stress wave;
(F) besides the initial reaction force, there may be minor return dynamic stress waves either from the reaction or the action object or system; in a limited vibration system, the action, reaction and interaction forces determine the state of the system.
(G) the circular movement and go - return movement is a special case of the straight line movement, and the former are characteristic of a two dimensional limited system;
(H) the static force is an accumulation of dynamic forces with time;
(I) the dynamic testing with cushions and frictional slip showed that a cushion reduces the stress amplitude but prolong the time duration. This is called the "XYZT first corollary of energy versus cushion and time".

The first example is that, the elastic testing helped reveal the mechanisms of the pseudo eternal systems such as a clock (ref. mechanical pendulum or battery powered quartz clock). The second example is that, an everlasting and eternal system would follow the "XYZT second corollary of everlasting cyclic movement with input and output energy recycling, just enough energy for elastic behavior and energy conservation" . The third example is the 2008-2009 rediscovery of the "XYZT Xin Guang Qian Qiu" manual and mental comprehensive agriculture and the cyclic ecosystem that depends on geographic differences and energy transformation, in analogy to the human "Qiu Qian" swing that moves by personal gravity offset. Smart walking, especially with shoulder weights, should use the personal gravity offset.

On the other hand, in small artificial sealed or isolated systems, the continuous energy input all day and night long may amount to destructive proportions (ref. an air tight house can be quickly warmed up or cooled down with artificial heating or cooling). Although energy does not disappear, useful energy may add up into more useful energy or cancel each other to add harmful energy such as heat or nuclear radiation to the earth. In order to assist a dynamic system, the energy supplier must know the natural frequency and the requirement of the system. Otherwise, it may be a waste of energy and time, or the system may lose energy to stop or increase energy to destruct. The earth may be considered as a 2/3 closed system, and the moon - earth pair may be considered as a 4/5 to 9/10 closed system in the solar system over a year of time. Because the earth is a partially open system in space, the earth likely output certain energy forms while taking in certain other energy forms. It takes more energy and time to heal certain past damage than to prevent any damage what so ever.

(J) The dynamic interaction between the action and reaction objects or systems depends on their relative inertia and stiffness, that is, a dynamic energy may cause a relatively light, elastic and integral object or system to move ahead, but, it could be reflected by a relatively heavy and stiff object or system, it could be absorbed by a relatively yielding object or system, and it could be trapped by a cracked object or system to eject the pieces at the opposite surface (ref. friendly man - earth interactrion, the movement of the whole earth, antagonistic heavy machine struggle against earth).

(K) For the different reactions in (J), the particular reaction mode is determined during the moment of the action and reaction in terms of wave transmission and reflection. Because the stiffness and inertia of the two objects are ingrained in their particles. Some may think that the action and reaction forces occur at the instant of contact, others may think that there is a time delay between the application of the action force and the reaction force, which delay is determined by the stress wave reaching and returning from the opposite end of both objects. But the experiment indicates that the action stress wave is continuously compared to the reflection stress wave during the contact to determine the outcome of the contact. The time delay between the application of the action force and the movement or stressing up of the object or system may be about the time span that the elastic stress wave takes to make a go and return propagation in one of the two objects or systems. This is another proof of the accurate intelligence of things. This inspires a person to think that because the earth crust rocks are the most stable and ancient matter in the universe, they have the most in situ intelligence that can not be replaced by loose materials, chemically polluted tailings, man made communication and transportation lines, or machines and robots. All materials are elastic at relatively low stress or displacement levels, especially with confinement.

Plastic deformation at high loads consumes energy but does not transmit all wave information as the elastic wave does. In other words, an everlasting vibration system must be elastic. This reminds people to take light elastic approaches to problems (ref. Chinese word "Qing Yi"). The phenomenon of stress wave superposition with time is analogous to the force superposition with 3-dimensional space in the boundary element numerical method of stress computation. Underground excavation causes stress concentration at the present time, the remaining rock will suffer from increasing stress with time. A pure plastic material can not sustain and transmit wave. All material does show certain plastic behavior at stress and displacement close to the failure point.

The energy loss at the external connection points of a system could be compared to the internal energy dissipation within the system. One important application of this unity law is that the theory for chemical explosive blasting and that for physical and gravity force rock fragmentation have been unified. The damage accumulation and eventual rupture of the tested system reminds the a person to prevent irreversible damage to the dear earth. The earth could have been the result of the accumulation of matter in the past unlimited time periods as a result of the gathering of space matter, photosynthesis and fossil remains. The accumulated wave damage underlines the time-dependent mechanism of tidal wave and wind loading, earthquakes and volcanoes of islands and continents. The repeated light reflections and absorptions in the surrounding explains the environmental effect of color and air quality, such as in a forest - ripple water body ecosystem.

For the special condition that the concentrated weight mass is much more than the distributed wire mass, G.I. Taylor (1946) used a graph of harmonic vibration curve and an impact stress wave form for the J. Hopkinson experiment (1872) to show a binary combination. It was a proof that the simple vibration could be approximately divided into the binary sum of a harmonious vibration (carrier wave) that is uniform along the steel rod and a impact stress wave (rider wave) that travels along the steel rod. But, the graph showed a little more than a quarter of the full wave, so its science and philosophy value could not be realized. This thesis provided the complete solution for the Taylor conjecture with experimental proof and computational prediction. It is probable that the geophone and accelerometer that have been used to measure the ground wave velocity and acceleration in the earth crust can not pick up the carrier wave. Although, the wave form may seem to be divisible in mathematical abstraction, they are indivisible in physics, that is, the rider and carrier waves are one due to the impact velocity and the mass of the drop weight as well as the system characteristics. This is support for comprehensive system methods and rebut for the rampant division methods.

9.1.6 Pseudo-eternal clock and everlasting eternal ecosystems

It was realized in 2005-2009 that the above unity law helps explain the pseudo-eternal mechanical systems (clock), everlasting eternal ecosystems (ref. the "Qiu Qian" swing personal gravity offset analogy) and movement of the earth and moon. In other words, it helped reveal the Newton theory of solar system start-up by "GOD" where "GOD" represents in the Chinese language the "high sun, middle moon, low earth", "high middle low", and the English words "GO - GOOD - - OD (return) - GOOSE", "Garden Of eDen" (ref. Newton motto "If given a stick and a fixed point in space, I can move the earth", and this was achieved by the farmers with trees, sticky rice, bamboo and wooden sticks to shoulder water and reach things). But, it was wrong to consider the solar system and the earth as machines. Newton explained the process of the apple falling to the ground. The present theory can be used to explain how to grow trees and apples, why the apple fell, what happens to the apple and the ground at that moment of impact, and how the trees and apples are used by the earth, moon and sun to move the earth.

Like the rock specimens in the author's licentiate thesis, the steel rods in the doctoral experiment acted like digital computers with more electrons than rock to be more elastic, but the rock can be eternal (ref. computer simulation in the author's doctoral thesis). Like the imperfect elastic rubber cushions that help reduce the load and plastic deformation for loads from zero up to failure yield and post-failure point, the soft and medium rocks should be effective cushions for the hard rock central ring of the earth. The cushion space can reduce the amplitude of dynamic stress and prolong its time duration. The perfection of the parts and the integrity of the whole earth are the condition for the everlasting and eternal earth clock or heart beat.

The most important application of the law and theory in agriculture is found in organic growth. The second most important application is for the traditional washing, slicing and mixed cooking of food in a wok with firewood, vegetables, oil, salt, sauce, spice, water and stirring that would add more energy to the raw food for an agricultural meal. The deep heating or freezing of food is like loading the molecular chains into plastic deformation, frictional slip or rupture such that some nutrition may be damaged on the molecular or atomic levels. The elimination of garbage and reuse of excrement ensures that no energy is wasted and no water is polluted.

9.1.7 The external energy and the earth crust response

It was realized in 2009 that the fault of an earthquake or rockburst rockmass is a victim or an indicator rather than the original energy source. They do act as the secondary dynamic energy sources that have much less energy than the breaking energy source. Different types of natural dynamic energy with weather change included are necessary for the earth to rotate and navigate in the solar system. External energy sources may include atmospheric wind, pressure and heat due to solar system movement and electro-magnetic field change and tidal waves. The acoustic emission in rock specimens or any other seismic waves serve as mainly messages and secondly energy dissipation. The author's Licentiate thesis of 1987 clearly showed that the number of acoustic emission per second is a measure of the gradual damage of the rock specimen under servo - controlled loading at constant displacement rate, and the recorded amount for the hard Kallax gabbro was 10 times the Bjorka marble. It is clear that the damage of a rockmass under natural loading conditions is gradual, and the final destructive rupture does not necessarily have the largest seismic magnitude. It is probably true that the reported magnitude for small and medium earthquakes are real, but for the most damaging earthquakes, the reported magnitude could have been adjusted upwards according to actual damage. It was proposed that just as a person can afford unlimited messages to others but can only lend a limited hand in energy, the rocks in the earth can afford unlimited elastic messages but lend only limited energy. It must be mentioned that the continuous industrial emissions of the electric, electro-magnetic, stress and noise waves into the earth and the atmosphere has accumulated to great proportions to damage the earth and person. The sound and other noise energy should be taken as serious stresses along with other physical forces to cause cumulative breaking or hardening effects. The replacement of natural sound and light with electronic and electric sound and emissions may damage the personal and wildlife hearing and vision for generations to come. The experiment also demonstrated the channel effects of energy transmission and the entire system effect of local damage. The works to build railway, highway, flight, navigation and street channels have damaged the earth. large scale crop field and even water based rice field without the regulating hills and trees would not conserve the earth (ref. in the northern cold climate, large scale and mechanized dry land agriculture has been employed to elevate the temperature in the false wish to increase crop yield, but hot wind and tornado blows and pulls the soil away, it cools off quick in cold weather, the yield may not increase due to lack of water, the costs of machinery, soil supplement, food processing and cooking as well as the digestion problem for dry grains and beef can not be sustained in the long run). The fact that the earth self rotation velocity at the equator has exceeded the speed of sound and that there is more than 1/3 probability that the earth rotates around the moon are indications that the earth is under extreme internal and external stresses and pressures. The migrations as recorded in the Bible and the current industrial migration in some capitalist countries are partly due to the lack of personal independence in agriculture and partly due to the mistaken belief.

9.1.8 The health of the surname man and the earth

It was realized in 2005-2009 that elastic stress waves in physical exercises are beneficial to health; musical instruments are examples where the applied frequency is added on the natural frequencies of the instrument; the subvertical foliation planes in the hard rockmass of the crust have been formed as a result of stress waves from tidal waves and they act as the energy transmission paths from the interior to the surface of the crust; the earth' s self-rotation period of about 24 hours is likely determined by the gas sound wave speed inside the earth, and it may be ensured by the stress wave speed in the earth's rocky crust. Because the earth's crust transmits many forms of energy faster than air, it is the critical path in addition to the atmosphere and possibly the gas in its/her/his interior heart. It is conjectured that the earth's crust is reinforced and cushioned with mineral veins whose absence or damage has severely weakened the earth's elasticity, strength and comprehensive ability.

It may be conjectured that the self-rotation of the earth causes surface and air friction static electricity that in turn transforms into the earth electromagnetic field, and the latter enables the earth to go around the moon. If the earth is more than self- sufficient, she would not need this frictional low frequency electricity to reach out the to the moon or other planets.

9.1.9 Change and accumulation with time as the fundamental mechanism of things

It was realized in 2008-2009 that the matter is both static and dynamic, and is unique in time and space. The fact that a stress wave causes secondary stress waves in reaction to the dynamic load on a step by step basis and the sum of all of them shows up as the measured vibration wave is one of the most significant science and technology as well as philosophy discoveries of the human kind. This may be the real fundamental computational response mechanism of natural elements and systems. In the conventional science, the results are obtained mainly at a unique time, and is therefore the abstraction and approximation of reality. The combination of exact science and statistics have so far modelled reality in approximation, but have not stood the test of time and scale or space (ref. unfortunately more damage means more work and jobs, destructive industrial works would require increasing experience and technology) . The above discovery is somewhat in agreement with the author's tradition of gradual and cumulative progress (ref. the Chinese characters "Ji Ji - accumulate the utmost", the Chinese proverbs "Ji Shao Cheng Duo - accumulate little into much", "Ji Shan Chen De - accumulate kindness into morality" or "Ji Zhong Nan Fan - accumulate weight to make it hard to return", "Di Shui Cheng Bing - drops of water makes ice stick" in cold weather and in the stalagmite cave, "Di Shui Chuan Shi - drops of water penetrates the rock" in warm weather and open space, "Cha Zhi Hao Li, Shi Zhi Qian Li - a millimeter of shortage, a loss of thousand villages").

The research work proved the Buddhism doctrines of "Ying Guo - cause and effect", "Bao Ying - inform and response", and "Lun Hui - go and return like the comprehensive agricultural work". The elastic testing plus the cushion testing clearly demonstrated that the little wave sources are the building blocks of the macroscopic wave with time even though they are invisible in the case of rubber cushions. It reminds people that everything of the system matters all the time, and that elastic waves and rock solid support of the system by each adjacent part would ensure energy conservation, transmission and system continuity, flexibility and stability. As applied to the everlasting comprehensive agriculture, the responsible person should have overall and comprehensive knowledge and oversee the systems but leave most of the fine works to the energy, matter and creature of the systems such as gravity, rain, sunshine, moonlight, mountain, trees, fresh fishy water, rice paddies and food land, birds, domestic animals. Small, self-sufficient, simple and easy everlasting systems are most easy to maintain and improve (ref. the English word "January" that sounds like the Chinese "Jian you an Yi - simple, peace, easy" and the pseudo-eternal systems for watches and clocks).

9.1.10 Assurance of elasticity and prevention of yielding failure

The recorded strain wave from an elastic testing went up to the peak and returned back to about zero, whereas that from a plastic testing got hanged somewhere after the peak load without returning to zero, that is, a permanent plastic strain occurred. The complete load - displacement curve from the testing of a rock specimen has indicated that in practice, the rock stability after the peak load would be indeterminate, that is, sudden failure would occur unless the loading system is stiff and servo-controlled. Only minimum excavation within the elastic limit of the rockmass would ensure stability. From the scientific and engineering design point of view, all non-elastic processes are indeterminate because firstly there is no unique relation between stress and deformation, secondly any calculation would be inaccurate, and thirdly any state is unstable and changes without being noticed. The philosophy of elastic progress should be adopted always (ref. the healthy athletic training method). The non-elastic processes include plastic deformation, post-peak damage, fracturing, frictional slip, collision damage, etc..

9.1.11 Axial stress with bending stress and post-peak torsion

In the testing of the 16 mm diameter large steel rod, bending strain was monitored on the diametric sides of a cross section at mid length to indicate that the tensile and compressive axial loading on the thread end plate caused minor bending effect. During the half cycle of compression that was 10-20% of the tensile strain, the bending strain was about the same as in tension even though the dropped weight was unrestrained to jump up (Fig. 2009-L8-4). The bending was secondary to the tension and compression and retained the complete rider wave frequency (that is a function of the steel rod length and wave speed), but the carrier wave was of course absent in the bending because it was not part of the axial vibration. The torsion rotation strain was not monitored with the strain gauges but plastic tortion rotation was measured during plastic testing on small steel rods. It was realized in year 2009 that the failure yielding of the softwood block is a volumetric yielding that is more smooth and gradual than the frictional slip of the bottom clamp for the 6.35 mm diameter steel rods (volumetric yeilding is a hardening process, frictional slip is a heat dissipation and static electricity generation process).

It was realized in year 2005-2009 that the word "ROCK" has a Chinese PinYin meaning of "You Kao - has it to rely on, Yao Si Kao - must think and examine, Lao Kao - protect the water buffalo". Rocks and minerals are the most stable rare matter in the universe. They have been and will last longer than any artificial material. Based on the law of energy balance and elastic compatibility, the actions to crush rocks and extract minerals and metals from them or to break them up to make structures and machines not only damage the earth and the person, consume a lot of energy and resources, but the artificial materials are not compatible with the soils, rocks and other natural materials. Rock oil protects and improves the rocks and may be part of the earth brain intelligence and heart sealant.

9.1.12 Fundamental laws and theories to respect and cultivate the earth

It was realized in 2005-2009 that the discoveries of the thesis are the most advanced agriculture, science, technology and engineering as well as philosophy achievement since the Yi Shi Zong Ci (1279AD - 2852BC), Yi Jing Ba Zi (2852BC), Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Isaac Newton (1643-1727) and Albert Einstein (1879-1955). They indicated that the search and research on the earth for the laws and theories to respect, protect and cultivate the earth and the person were complete. The results were achieved with pencil, paper, rubber eraser, a 286 Zenith IBM laptop computer, and China - Canada international cooperation. The use of pencil writing was a successful method used in Sweden from 1984 to 1987. The thesis achieved the unity of theory, experiment and measurement in science and technology such as physics, mathematics, computer technology. It proved the system unity of the earth. It proves the Dialectical Materialistic Philosophy that "the world is the unity of matter and spirit, movement is absolute and rest is relative" (ref. "spirit" consists of ideology and energy. Zheng Yi - Rights). The earth's first task is to maintain and strengthen his/her crust stability, and second task to navigate the solar system with surface energy on time. The elements in a system are connected, and conversely, connection is the criterion for a system, e.g., if a continent is connected then it acts as a system, if not, it is not a system (cf. the rapid response to moon phase of the weather, on 2010-05-26, lunar 13, in the evening at the Denver commercial place in the Colorado Rocky mountains of America, there occurred 6 - 12 inches of hails at temperatures over 70F, as shown on the TV weather channel) .

9.1.13 Simplest two parts contact problem

In an uniaxial testing of a rock specimen, it looks as if the visible cracks form first at the free surface. The truth of the matter is probably that the center of the specimen is subject to the highest compressive stresses and it expands in the lateral direction. The middle surface bends into the open space to cause visible tension cracks and yields. When cracking two identical eggs by the collision method, one egg will crack and the other egg suffers invisible microscopic damage. These two cases demonstrates the two parts contact problem, that is, if one or both parts behave elastically or harden and absorb energy, they may separate or co-exist; but if one part yields and softens, it becomes the energy absorbing material, the other part begins unloading. This is the mechanism for the idiom "Bing Bai Ru Shan Dao - the defeat of the military is like the mountain toppling" (ref. the oppression by the three fake mountains of "capital imperialism, city feudalism, bureaucracy capitalism").

9.1.14 Mining mineral extraction method design (with year 2022 improvement)

From the static and dynamic energy balance and rock mechanics point of view, the less the extraction rate the more stable and peaceful it is to work on the ground surface or underground. From the earth health and healing view point, the less the excavation of the ground the more good. From the ground support point of view, renewable wood and bamboo material offer the most cheap and secure mechanical support, except that the fire hazard is subject to strict prevention. Solid tunnel arch does permit the rockmass to deform and crack so as to offer good protection and support against static and dynamic loading. The early mining and mineral extraction method of room and pillar shrinkage with backfill is the most good method. In the modern time, the cost of electro - gasoline motor mechinery and the overall cost from the organization, education, manufacturing, transportation, supply, to money does demand the large scale, quick and full excavation of the mineral deposit to permanently deplete the mineral vein of the earth ball. The loss and dilution of the ore are subject to measurement in percentage. The cost of machinery and ground support in large scale excavation is much more. Hence, the above early method was more good for the people and the earth (ref. the recent cut and fill mechanization method is much more expensive and the footwall rockmass stability is also a problem). More importantly, the preservation and conservation meaning of the phrase "mining and mineral extraction" must take precedence over the immediate goal of tool making for the comprehensive agriculture etc.. This author would take this opportunity to suggest that the mineral extraction extraction ratio should be less than 40% so that, in principle, at least 60% of the mineral deposit on a level will remain in situ, in order for the mineral deposit to perform its function in the earth and hopefully to grow with sufficient geological time. In situ rock and ore will always last much more long time than metal or other fine product, except that some mineral ore may oxidize to cause fire hazard with air leakage or invasion.

9.1.15 Measurement

The author's 1987 research thesis in Sweden indicated that the Instron machine loading and the two point opening displacement measurement were accurate and reliable. In this thesis, the dynamic strain measurement with strain gauges on the steel rod and Compaq 286 computer data logging card was the most accurate and reliable dynamic measurement. The impact strain wave measurement could be used to calculated the falling velocity of the dropped weight upon impact, which verified the theoretical formula. The bar wave propagation speed was measured accurately with two strain gauges on one steel rod. This was the most accurate and elastic method to determine the Young's modulus.

9.1.16 Simple vibration model solution versus complete wave solution (year 2019-08-19)

For the drop weight test in year 1990-1991 in Canadian Ontario province, this author did use energy balance method to verify that the gravitational potential energy, mgh, of the drop weight does transfer into the elastic strain wave energy of the steel rod, in terms of the maximum strain and stress, from the moment of the impact to the peak strain and stress (ref. Appendix E). In year 2019, this author did add a little more research work to Appendix E to compare the simple "Spring + Weight" vibration model solution, i.e., a cosine function for the displacement of the weight, to the complete solution for a series of wave generation, revolution and superposition, in Appendix C.

Apparently, the latter wave formulae do not simplify into the former vibration formula, e.g., the Taylor series expansion of the cosine function does contain an infinite series of term, with even number of power, 2n, and its permutation (2n)!, but formula (C14) does show a finite series of term, with the continuous power, n, and permulation, n!. Furthermore, the Taylor series expansion of the cosine function is a sum of infinite term at any time moment, but, formulae (C14) to (C16) show a sum in historic time from the very beginning of impact till a certain time moment (ref. the definition of justice rights, one must not confuse the history and then cut it off; derogatory idiom "Kuai4 Dao1 Zhan3 Luan4 Ma2 - to use a knife to quickly cut the Gordian knot of linen thread").

For the simple vibration model, one may attach a viscous damping element to the spring in parallel connection, to simulate vibration decay with the elapse of time, where the damping force is directly proportional to the velocity of the weight. Such simulation is somewhat similar to the wave reflection coefficient at the top and bottom end fixture point, R = R_t + R_b, in the formulae (C14) to (C19) of Appendix C.

9.1.17 New title of theorem

The author did find a good name for the year 1991 peak of science and technology as: "Xin1 Guang1 XYZT matter energy nearly elastic system vibration and wave propagation unity as well as revolution (including straight line or curve path) theorem" This did lead to the modernization of science technique technology. This did provide a scientific verification of the justice rights definition.

This author hope to have the normal condition, such as forever everlasting passport and passage verification label, to spread science technique technology peak and modernization, as well as to uphold justice rights, correct positively mistaken error. This author would welcome the reader to write evaluation comment and recommend the thesis for others to read. This author shall appreciate retroactive compensation for past work job income loss, true justice (world) people rightist hardship, and family suffering, as a result of the false understanding of the China People Republic passport preparation ready time sentence, in Chinese French English language, the three English word "citizen (rightist-citizen, citoyen)", "nationality (man identity, surname man tribe genealogy [of justice rights])", and"expiry (rightist-citizen movement)", by empire feudal bureaucracy capital, as well as the the false understanding of the three academic degree of Buddhism religion or 9 year rights duty [education] teaching : bachelor, doctor, master (school rightist). This author shall also appreciate personal or national, unit or collective assistance, scholarship, sponsorship, grant, award, report invitation or book publishing, etc..

1970-1975 Village elementary smAll school bachelor degree, 1975-1977 Middle school doctor degree, 1977-1979 High middle school master degree; 1979-1983 High school mines study and research, with a speciality in mining and extraction mineral, 1983-1984 Ministry study and research preparation to go abroad in Beijing; 1984-1987 School mines or ministry Going abroad study and research in Sweden and Western Europe; 1987-1989 Ministry research and teaching job at Zhong Nan Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 1989-1993 School mines or ministry study and research in Canada, U.S.A. China, 1993-2000 School mines or ministry research engineer job in Canada; 2000-2003 Chinese United Nations study and research in the border region between Canada and U.S.A., such as 6 month job at Autodesk inc. in San Rafael, Marin county, California state; job search and development in California, and Vancouver, British Columbia province, Canada. 2003-2003 Chinese United Nations report and research in the border region between China and U.S.A., 6 month job at ZNIMM, Changsha, as well as about 2 month in the countryside of Hunan province. 2004-2006 Study and research and movement from San Rafael to San Francisco, to Los Angels, then to Ohio state. 2006-2021 Chinese United Nations World report and research, Ohio state.